Essential Principles for Developing and Validating Bioanalytical Methods
Developing and validating bioanalytical methods ensures accurate and precise drug measurements. Selecting appropriate sample prep, instrumentation, and validation is crucial for reliable results.
FREMONT, CA: Bioanalytics is the process of discovering and developing drugs, it is crucial to measure the levels of drugs, their byproducts, and other indicators in biological fluids like blood, urine, and CSF. Scientists use established and tested techniques to accurately detect and measure these substances in the samples. To ensure that the results are dependable, it is essential to validate the methods used for analysis. This validation process confirms that the results obtained are precise, accurate, selective, and consistent, which helps to ensure the reliability of the sample analysis.
Sample Characterisation
Molecular targets, or analytes, in bioanalysis, are divided into two main categories: small molecules and large molecules. Small molecules are generally made or obtained from natural sources, have a lower molecular weight, and are typically analysed using chromatographic assays to detect chemical entities such as drugs, metabolites, or pharmacodynamic markers. Large molecules, on the other hand, are more complex and include peptides, proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, and polysaccharides with higher molecular weights. Ligand binding assays are typically used to analyse large molecules.
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Protein Removal
Proteins and phospholipids are frequently present in biological samples and can interfere with the measurement of biomarkers, drugs, and metabolites. It is important to remove these proteins from samples to prevent chromatographic column blockages. Additionally, proteins can bind to the small molecules being analysed, including the analyte, resulting in inaccurate measurements of the concentration of the analyte. Protein removal techniques such as protein precipitation (PPT), liquid-liquid extraction (LLE), and solid phase extraction (SPE) are commonly used to address this issue.
Phospholipid Removal
Biological samples like plasma contain many types of phospholipids. These organic molecules make up cell membranes and consist of a phosphate and choline-containing hydrophilic head group and a hydrophobic fatty acid chain tail. Phospholipids can negatively impact the accuracy of LC-MS/MS data with electrospray ionization (ESI) due to their surfactant properties. They tend to clump together on the surface of droplets formed during the liquid-to-gas transition of ions, hindering the escape of analyte ions and suppressing analyte detection.
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